环境污染对人类的威胁

对人类的生存与发展构成严重威胁的全球性问题的有哪些?

全球环境污染给我们带来了什么 后果是什么

地球环境的破坏对人类有哪些危害？

人类生产和生活过程中，产生的大量污染物质原子核不断地通过各种途径进入海洋，对海洋生物资源、海洋开发、海洋环境质量产生不同程度的危害最终又将危害人类自身。以污染最严重的渤海来说，由于污染已造成渔场外迁、鱼群死亡、赤潮泛滥、有些滩涂养殖场荒废、一些珍贵的海生资源正在丧失。

环境污染给我们带来哪些危害

环境污染会给生态系统造成直接的破坏和影响，如沙漠化、森林破坏。

也会给人类社会造成间接的危害，例如，温室效应、酸雨、臭氧层破坏。

环境污染最直接、最容易被人所感受的后果是使人类环境的质量下降。

空气污染影响人类的生活质量，造成空气污浊，人们的发病率上升等。

水污染使水环境质量恶化，饮用水源的质量普遍下降，威胁人的身体健康。

环境污染的具体危害：

水污染造成有限的淡水资源遭到破坏，没有水可用。

空气污染不但会使人们呼吸困难，还会造成疾病。

固体废物污染可以造成生态系统的破坏，间接影响人类。

噪声污染会使人心烦意乱，影响人休息，还会造成听力破坏。

环境被破坏会给人类带来哪些影响？

一、土壤遭到破坏：据参考消息 道，个国家（共10亿人）可耕地的肥沃程度在降低。在非洲、亚洲、和拉丁美洲，由于森林植被的消失、耕地的过分开发和牧场的过度放牧，土壤剥蚀情况十分严重。裸露的土地变得脆弱了，无法长期抵御风雨的剥蚀。在有些地方，土壤的年流失量可达每公顷吨。化肥和农药过多使用，与空气污染有关的有毒尘埃降落，泥浆到处喷洒，危险废料到处抛弃，所有这些都在对土地构成一般来说是不可逆转的污染。

二、气候变化和能源浪费温室效应严重威胁着整个人类：据名有代表性的专家预计，海平面将升高，许多人口稠密的地区（如孟加拉国、中国沿海地带以及太平洋和印度洋上的多数岛屿）都将本水淹没。气温的升高也将对农业和生态系统带来严重影响。据预计，-年，亚洲和太平洋地区的能源消费将增加一倍，拉丁美洲的能源消费将增加50%-70%。因此，西方和发展中国家之间应加强能源节约技术的转让进程。我们特别应当采用经济鼓励手段，使工业家们开发改进工业资源利用效率的工艺技术。

三、生物的多样性减少：由于城市化、农业发展、森林减少和环境污染，自然区域变得越来越小了，这就导致了数以千计物种的灭绝。因为一些物种的绝迹会导致许多可被用于制造新药品的分子归于消失，还会导致许多能有助于农作物战胜恶劣气候的基因归于消失，甚至会引起新的瘟疫。

四、森林面积减少：最近几十年以来，热带地区国家森林面积减少的情况也十分严重。在-年，世界上有1.5亿公顷森林消失了。按照目前这种森林面积减少的速度，40年以后，一些东南亚国家就在也见不到一棵树了。

五、淡水资源受到威胁：据专家估计，从下个世纪初开始，世界上将有四分之一的地方长期缺水。请记住，我们不能造水，我们只能设法保护水。

六、化学污染：工业带来的数百万种化合物存在于空气、土壤、水、植物、动物和人体中。即使作为地球上最后的大型天然生态系统的冰盖也受到污染。那些有机化合物、那些重金属、那些有毒产品，都集中存在于整个食物链中，并最终将威胁到动植物的健康，引起癌症，导致土壤肥力减弱。

七、混乱的城市化：到本世纪末，世界上的大城市将达21个，大城市里的生活条件将进一步恶化：拥挤、水被污染、卫生条件差、无安全感–这些大城市的无序扩大也损害到了自然区。因此，无限制的城市化应当被看作是文明的新弊端。

八、海洋的过渡开发和沿海地带被污染：由于过渡捕捞，海洋的渔业资源正在以令人可怕的速度减少。因此，许多靠摄取海产品蛋白质为生的穷人面临着饥饿的威胁。集中存在于鱼肉种的重金属和有机磷化合物等物质有可能给食鱼者的健康带来严重的问题。沿海地区受到了巨大的人口压力。全世界有60%的人口挤在离大海不到公里的地方。这种人口拥挤状态使常常很脆弱的这些地方失去了平衡。

九、空气污染：多数大城市里的空气含有许多取暖、运输和工厂生产带来的污染物。这些污染物威胁着数千万市民的健康，导致许多人失去了生命。

十、极地臭氧层空洞：尽管人们已签署了蒙特利尔协定书，但每年春天，在地球的两个极地的上空仍再次形成臭氧层空洞，北极的臭氧层损失20%到30%，南极的臭氧层损失50%以上。

科学家通过观察发现，植物对各种有害气体的抗性有很大差异，有些植物对有害气体十分敏感，在很低浓度下就会受害，而有些植物在较高浓度下也不受害或受害很轻。以氟化物为例，香蒲对氟化物最敏感，当氟化物浓度积累到3*10-5～4*10-5时就表现受害症状，而松树、杏树、李树等达到5*10-5～2*10-4时才表现受害症状。抗性强的棉花，在5*10-4时仍不见受害。有趣的是，不同的植物对氟化物在不同时间有不同的敏感性，如杏树最敏感的时间在上午10时，而水杉则在下午2时，一年中的4～5月份，各种植物抗氟化物污染的能力都急剧下降。

人们正是利用植物的这种敏感性，来监测大气环境污染的。

植物 警的方式不像拉警 那样发出声音，而是以它体躯的伤斑和伤势来唤起人们的警惕，而且伤势的大小还能反映污染的程度。

在南京市的绿化树种中，雪松很受大家喜爱，它树姿优美，常年碧绿。有一次发现某个地段雪松针叶发黄、枯焦，后来查明，这是附近工厂排放二氧化硫和氟化氢所引起的，因为雪松对这两种气体特别敏感。现在人们一见雪松针叶呈现这种症状，就能很快找出二氧化硫和氟化氢的污染源，人们已把雪松作为一个很好的监测大气污染的 警器。

现在人们已经找到各种各样监测大气污染物质的“ 警植物”。例如，用紫花苜宿、胡萝卡、菠菜能监测二氧化硫污染，用香蒲、火炭母、金荞麦、杏、梅、葡萄等能监测氟的污染，用苹果、玉米、桃、洋葱能监测氯的污染等等。

植物对大气环境污染的反应要比人和动物敏感得多，当空气中有害气体浓度只有百万分之几的时候，植物就开始“ 警”了，能及时提醒人们采取措施，把污染消灭在摇篮中。

利用植物这一 警器，简单方便，既监测了污染，又美化了环境，可谓一举两得。

What are the global problems that pose a serious threat to human survival and development? What are the consequences of global environmental pollution? What is the harm of the destruction of the earth’s environment to mankind? In the process of human production and life, a large number of polluting substances, atomic nuclei, are constantly entering the ocean through various ways, causing varying degrees of harm to marine biological resources, marine development and marine environmental quality, which will eventually harm mankind itself. In the case of the Bohai Sea, which is the most polluted area, the pollution has caused the relocation of fishing grounds, the death of fish, the flooding of red tides, the abandonment of some beach farms, and the loss of some precious marine resources. What harm does environmental pollution bring us? Environmental pollution will cause direct damage and impact on the ecosystem, such as desertification and forest destruction. It will also cause indirect harm to human society, such as greenhouse effect, acid rain and ozone layer destruction. The most direct and easily felt consequence of environmental pollution is to degrade the quality of human environment. Air pollution affects the quality of human life, causes air pollution, and people’s incidence rate is rising. Water pollution worsens the quality of water environment, and the quality of drinking water sources generally declines, threatening people’s health. Specific harm of environmental pollution: water pollution causes damage to limited freshwater resources and no water available. Air pollution will not only make people difficult to breathe, but also cause diseases. Solid waste pollution can cause damage to ecosystems and indirectly affect human beings. Noise pollution will make people upset, affect people’s rest, and cause hearing damage. What impact will the destruction of the environment bring to mankind? 1、 Soil damage: according to reference news reports, the fertility of arable land in countries (a total of 1billion people) is decreasing. In Africa, Asia and Latin America, soil erosion is very serious due to the loss of forest vegetation, over exploitation of cultivated land and over grazing of pastures. The bare land became fragile and could not withstand the erosion of wind and rain for a long time. In some places, the annual loss of soil can reach tons per hectare. The excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, the fall of toxic dust related to air pollution, the spraying of mud everywhere, and the abandonment of hazardous waste everywhere all pose generally irreversible pollution to the land. 2、 The greenhouse effect of climate change and energy waste is a serious threat to the entire human race: according to a representative expert, the sea level will rise, and many densely populated areas (such as Bangladesh, China’s coastal areas and most islands in the Pacific and Indian oceans) will be flooded. Rising temperatures will also have a serious impact on agriculture and ecosystems. It is estimated that energy consumption in Asia and the Pacific will double and that in Latin America will increase by 50%-70% in -. Therefore, the transfer process of energy-saving technologies should be strengthened between the West and developing countries. In particular, we should use economic incentives to enable industrialists to develop technologies to improve the efficiency of industrial resource utilization. 3、 Biodiversity reduction: due to urbanization, agricultural development, forest reduction and environmental pollution, natural areas have become smaller and smaller, which has led to the extinction of thousands of species. Because the extinction of some species will lead to the disappearance of many molecules that can be used to make new drugs, as well as the disappearance of many genes that can help crops overcome bad weather, and even cause new epidemics. 4、 Reduction of forest area: in recent decades, the reduction of forest area in tropical countries is also very serious. In -, 150million hectares of forest disappeared in the world. According to the current rate of forest area reduction, 40 years later, some Southeast Asian countries will not see a tree. 5、 Freshwater resources are under threat: experts estimate that from the beginning of the next century, one quarter of the world will be short of water for a long time. Remember, we can’t make water, we can only try to protect it. 6、 Chemical pollution: millions of compounds brought by industry exist in air, soil, water, plants, animals and human body. Even the ice sheet, the last large natural ecosystem on earth, is polluted. The organic compounds, heavy metals and toxic products are concentrated in the whole food chain and will eventually threaten the health of animals and plants, cause cancer and weaken soil fertility. 7、 Chaotic Urbanization: by the end of this century, there will be 21 big cities in the world, and the living conditions in big cities will further deteriorate: crowded, polluted water, poor sanitation and insecurity — the disorderly expansion of these big cities has also damaged the natural areas. Therefore, unrestricted urbanization should be regarded as a new drawback of civilization. 8、 Over exploitation of the ocean and pollution of the coastal zone: due to over fishing, the marine fishery resources are decreasing at an alarming rate. As a result, many poor people who live on seafood protein face the threat of hunger. Heavy metals and organophosphorus compounds concentrated in fish species may bring serious problems to the health of fish eaters. The coastal areas are under great population pressure. Sixty percent of the world’s population is crowded less than kilometers from the sea. This overcrowding has thrown these often fragile places out of balance. 9、 Air pollution: the air in most big cities contains many pollutants from heating, transportation and factory production. These pollutants threaten the health of tens of millions of citizens and cause many people to lose their lives. 10、 Polar ozone layer hole: Although people have signed the Montreal agreement, the ozone layer hole is still formed over the two polar regions of the earth every spring. The ozone layer in the Arctic is lost by 20 to 30% and that in the Antarctic is lost by more than 50%. Scientists have observed that there are great differences in the resistance of plants to various harmful gases. Some plants are very sensitive to harmful gases and will suffer at very low concentrations, while some plants will not suffer or suffer very little at higher concentrations. Taking fluoride as an example, Typha is the most sensitive to fluoride. When the fluoride concentration accumulates to 3*10-5 ~ 4*10-5, it will show the symptoms of injury, while pine, apricot, plum and other trees will show the symptoms of injury when the fluoride concentration reaches 5*10-5 ~ 2*10-4. Cotton with strong resistance is still not damaged at 5*10-4. Interestingly, different plants have different sensitivities to fluoride at different times. For example, apricot trees are most sensitive at 10 a.m., while Metasequoia glyptostroboides is at 2 p.m. in April to May of the year, the ability of various plants to resist fluoride pollution drops sharply. People use this sensitivity of plants to monitor air pollution. The way of plant alarm is not to make a sound like pulling an alarm, but to arouse people’s vigilance with the wound spots and injuries of its body, and the size of the injuries can also reflect the degree of pollution. Among the greening trees in Nanjing, cedar is very popular. It is beautiful and green all the year round. On one occasion, it was found that cedar needles in a certain section were yellow and scorched. Later, it was found that this was caused by the emission of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride from nearby factories, because cedar was particularly sensitive to these two gases. Now people can quickly find out the pollution sources of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride as soon as they see this symptom in Cedar needles. Cedar has been regarded as a good alarm for monitoring air pollution. Now people have found a variety of “alarm plants” to monitor air pollutants. For example, sulfur dioxide pollution can be monitored with purple clover, carrot and spinach, fluorine pollution can be monitored with cattail, charcoal mother, golden buckwheat, apricot, plum and grape, and chlorine pollution can be monitored with apple, corn, peach and onion. Plants are much more sensitive to air pollution than people and animals. When the concentration of harmful gases in the air is only a few parts per million, plants start to “alarm”, which can timely remind people to take measures to eliminate pollution in the cradle. It is simple and convenient to use the plant alarm, which not only monitors the pollution, but also beautifies the environment. It can be said to kill two birds with one stone.